In
1934, however, there was no road to Haast. Supplies came by the monthly
shipping service from Hokitika or by pack-horse, a four day journey south. The
isolation of the region and its scenic beauty needed an aviation-minded man
with a pioneering and entrepreneurial spirit. Flight-Lieutenant J C (Bert)
Mercer was that man who was to form Air Travel (NZ) Ltd, New Zealand’s first
airline. Mr H. W. Worrall, of Christchurch, was chairman of directors of the
new company, Mr A O Wilkinson, also of Christchurch, was the secretary, and
Captain J C Mercer managing director. The other two directors were Messrs Paul
E H Renton and H Newman, of Hokitika, the latter being the managing director of
Newman's Motors Ltd which ran motor services on the West Coast.
Air
Travel (NZ) took delivery of de Havilland DH83 Fox Moth, ZK-ADI in
December 1934 as it prepared to commence a new passenger and air mail service. Based
in Hokitika the company planned to inaugurate services stretching from
Inchbonnie, a small West Coast locality on the Midland railway line between Otira
and Moana, to the Glaciers and to Haast and Okuru in South Westland.
The
Transport Co-ordination Board heard the company’s application for a licence on
the 30th of November 1934. Both West Coast Airways Ltd and NZ Airways Ltd
objected to the granting of the licence. Bert Mercer was no stranger to flying
on the West Coast and he submitted that in view of his aviation record and the
fact that his company had secured the mail contract it was entitled to the
licence.
The
Board’s decision was reserved as two other applications for air services on the
West Coast were pending. It was subsequently announced that the Transport
Co-ordination Board ”was of opinion that the application should not be determined
finally until the other applications, including the company's application for
an air taxi licence radiating from Hokitika, could be heard.” Nonetheless, as
the company was ready to commence services, the Board decided to license the
service for a short period, and at a later date to consider the three
applications together. Accordingly, a licence was granted for a period of three
months with leave granted for the licence period to be extended.
The
mail contract to Haast and Okuru was quite unique as it was to be the first
regular air mail service in New Zealand, and one of only two or three in the
world in which no surcharge was made for air transport. The contract envisaged
that mails would be carried once a fortnight. The mail would leave Hokitika at
8.00am on alternate Mondays and the return flight would be back at Hokitika by
4.00pm. Before the advent of the air service mails took four days to get
through to Haast - a day to Fox Glacier by service car and three days from
there by pack-horse. Flooding in the South Westland rivers and creeks sometimes
lengthened the delivery time. The Air Travel (NZ) service reduced the mail
delivery time from four days to an hour and a half!
 |
| Loading mail into Fox Moth ZK-ADI at Hokitika... In the cabin Bert Mercer while Jim Hewett passes over the mail bags |
 |
| Mail stowed in Air Travel N Z Ltd aeroplane with Captain J D Hewitt and Captain Mercer. Whites Aviation Ltd :Photographs. Ref: WA-09375-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22609389 |
 |
| Air Travel Ltd ZK-ADI de Havilland DH83 Fox Moth taking off from Crow's Homestead. Whites Aviation Ltd :Photographs. Ref: WA-09376-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/23092699 |
While
the mail contract was set to begin on the 31st of December 1934 the company announced
that its services would commence on the 18th of December. Arrangements were
made with the Railway Department for South Westland passengers to alight from
the West Coast express at Inchbonnie and fly from there to the Glaciers. Newspaper
reporting announced that although the
machine has accommodation for four passengers, it is intended, until some of
the landing grounds on the route are extended, to carry only two passengers and
baggage, so that it is expected that sometimes two flights will have to be made
from Inchbonnie to the Glaciers, and two from Hokitika, on one day… People who
leave Christchurch in the morning and fly from Inchbonnie will be at the
glaciers for afternoon tea the same day. Whereas at present it takes four days'
travelling to get to the glaciers and back, with the air service only two days
will be necessary.
 |
| The start of the mail service - Hokitika-Haast, 31 December 1934 |
 |
| The start of the mail service - Okuru-Haast, 31 December 1934 |
In
preparation for the commencement of the services Mr E A Gibson, the Government
aerodrome engineer, inspected and reported on all the aerodromes on the route, some
of which were still under development. The company planned to use 14
airstrips/landing grounds at Westport, Hokitika, Greymouth, Ross, Wataroa (Whataroa),
Waiho (Franz Josef), Weheka (Fox Glacier), Karangarua, Jacob’s River, Bruce Bay,
Haast, Okuru and Upper Okuru. Landing grounds were also to be improved at
Arawata and Landsborough. In the early 1930s Bert Mercer had been flying the
Canterbury Aero Club's aircraft in South Westland. A number of South Westland
residents had already seen the benefits aircraft could bring in the time and
had already made their own airstrips.
Air
Travel (NZ)’s Fox Moth, ZK-ADI, arrived at Hokitika on the 15th of December 1934.
The Christchurch Press carried a report on Air Travel (NZ)’s inaugural service
which was operated on the 18th of December 1934. Two passengers, Messrs H. Worrall and G. H. Christie, left Christchurch
by the 10 o'clock express yesterday and arrived at Inchbonnie at 2.55pm The
aeroplane left Inchbonnie at 3.20pm and arrived at Hokitika aerodrome at 3.40pm
The machine left Hokitika at 3.55pm and after flying over the glacier, arrived
at the hostel at Franz Josef at 4.50pm Afternoon tea was taken at the hostel,
and the machine left at 5.35pm, arriving at Inchbonnie at 6.30pm, connecting
with the 7pm train east. The trip was an excellent one in every way, the
machine proving particularly comfortable, and one of the passengers, with
hardly any previous experience, enjoyed the sensation of flying perfectly. From
the point of view of scenic attraction the trip is without parallel in New
Zealand.
 |
| Bert Mercer stands in front of de Havilland DH83 Fox Moth ZK-ADI at Waiho, (Franz Josef) |
 |
| Some 75 years later, rebuilt de Havilland DH83 Fox Moth ZK-ADI at Hokitika on 18 December 2009 for the 75th anniversary of the launch of the Air Travel (NZ) air service |
On
Monday the 31st of December 1934 Air Travel (NZ) commenced its fortnightly air
mail service from Hokitika to Haast and Okuru. This marked the end of the pack
horse mail service with all mail taken by air. The Press records the day. The significance of the inaugural flight was
not lost on the people of Hokitika and when Mr Mercer arrived back from the
south he was met by a large crowd at the Hokitika aerodrome and warmly
congratulated as the pioneer of regular aviation in the south. A formal
function was held after arrival, and the company connected with the service was
thanked for its enterprise. The aeroplane which made this historic flight
returned with two passengers, Mr and Mrs J. Cron, South Westland residents who
have themselves been pioneers as air travellers in that district and who on
Monday made in a few hours a journey which only a few years ago usually
occupied them six days. Mr and Mrs Cron and their family have made frequent use
recently of aeroplanes for travel to and from the far south and have
constructed a landing ground practically at their own back door. They received
hearty congratulations as the first passengers to travel with the air mail.
The aeroplane carried a
fairly heavy mail both ways but many hundreds of the letters carried were those
sent by stamp collectors and enthusiasts who wished to own one of the original
covers used on such an important occasion. The ordinary official mail down to
the Haast consisted of approximately 200 letters and there was a heavy official
mail for the return trip. The weather was cloudy and misty with light rain
falling for most of the journey down and up. The chairman of the Westland
County Council (Mr T. R. Chesterman) was the principal speaker at the
aerodrome. He congratulated all connected with starting the mail service, and
mentioned that he recollected life in the early days in South Westland, when it
seemed to take months for news to penetrate there from the outside world. Aeroplanes
had removed the hardships attendant on such isolation. No doubt good use would
be made of the service. Mr Chesterman said, and he himself intended to approach
the Postmaster-General to try to have it made weekly instead of fortnightly. On
behalf of the county of Westland he congratulated Mr Mercer and his company on
their enterprise. He hoped that the service was here to stay.
"Westland is
fortunate in having here a man as enterprising as Mr Mercer," said Mr
Robertson, the chief postmaster for the district. It was a big jump from the
packhorse to the air mail. Mr Robertson complimented the people of Hokitika on
their air-mindedness. The Mayor of Hokitika, Mr G. A. Perry, said that in the
old days of the gold rushes it used to take miners three or four weeks to get
to Okuru. Now it could be done in a few hours. The service would be of great
value to travellers and would probably become an absolute necessity, so much so
that it would become automatically a weekly service. "The West Coast
people seem to I have become much more air-minded I than the people in any
other district in New Zealand, for its size and population," said Mr T. E.
Y. Seddon, who recalled the difficulties which were met with when tracks had to
be made for mail carriers to the far south, before the advent of faster
services. Mr Seddon paid a tribute to the enterprise of intrepid Westlanders
who had assisted in pioneering the mail service and the passenger service. Mr
J. A. Murdoch, "another speaker, described Mrs Cron as the New Zealand
"Amy Mollison." He said that the province owed a great debt to people
like the Renton family, Mr A. H. Nancekivell, Mr H. T. Parry and others who had
done so much to assist in establishing aviation on the coast. "It has
always been my desire to advance aviation if I can in New Zealand" said Mr
Mercer when asked to reply "I realised some years ago that aviation might
be of help to the settlers of South Westland." Mr Mercer congratulated and
thanked the people of Hokitika for making the air mail venture possible by
forming an aerodrome. It was his intention, he said, to stay on the coast and
do as much as he could to further the development of aviation. Mr W. Searle, a
member of the Westland County Council, also spoke, mentioning the rapid advance
made in transport in the last 20 years.
The Hokitika Guardian of the 28th of January captured the success of the new air service. A busy day was spent in passenger transport by Mr J. C. Mercer on Saturday. He left Waiho at 6.30am far Bruce Bay and brought two passengers to Hokitika. He returned to Waiho and brought up two more, one of whom he took on to Inchbonnie. Mr Mercer there awaited the express, and later brought a passenger - south landing here before going on to Ross, where he arrived at 4.10pm. Mr Mercer left Hokitika this morning for the south with the air mail and one passenger.
In
early February 1935 the Transport Co-ordination Board granted Air Travel (NZ) a
licence to carry out a service on the
West Coast as well as an air taxi licence to any part of New Zealand commencing
from or terminating at any of the aerodromes or landing grounds on the
applicant's route. Both licences were for a term of five years.
From
an early stage charter flights of various forms formed an important aspect of Air
Travel (NZ)’s business. On the 26th of January 1935 Captain Mercer
made an ambulance flight Bruce Bay, to
bring out to civilisation a Maori child who has been ailing for some time… He
landed on the beach near a new sawmill which is being constructed there. The
sick child, with its mother, had been waiting there for the arrival of the
aeroplane, having first had to cross the river on horseback to reach the bay.
The child was in Hokitika to a doctor in less than two hours after leaving
Bruce Bay, making in that short time a journey which in ordinary circumstances
might have taken three days. Mr Mercer returned with a woman passenger to Waiho
and picked up Mr A. O. Wilkinson (Christchurch), secretary to Air Travel (NZ),
Ltd., with whom he made a record flight back to Hokitika in 35 minutes, beating
the previous record by a few minutes. By car, it takes the best part of a day
to do the same trip. The journey up was in fine weather, with the conditions
fairly smooth. After dropping a woman passenger at Hokitika, the aeroplane left
with Mr Wilkinson to connect with the express to Christchurch at Inchbonnie.
The Evening Post reported on a charter flight from Hokitika to Nelson and
Wellington on the 5th of February 1935. On other occasions the Air Travel Fox
Moth flew trampers, hunters and prospectors to the back blocks of South
Westland.
 |
| Air Travel Ltd's Fox Moth biplane at Bruce Bay, Westland, New Zealand. Whites Aviation Ltd :Photographs. Ref: WA-AVH-06-1-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/23188348 |
Another
feature of the company’s activities was to become scenic flights over the
glaciers. The Press on the 9th of January 1935 carried coverage of the first
such flight from Fox Glacier “over the roof of New Zealand.” During the holidays Mr W. E. Simes, of
Christchurch, and Miss D. Wright, of Melbourne, made the first aeroplane flight
from the recently completed landing place at Weheka, about two miles from the
Fox Glacier Hotel. The pilot was Mr J. C. Mercer, of Air Travel (NZ), Ltd., and
the machine was a Fox Moth. The two passengers were in the air for
three-quarters of an hour, and the machine reached a height of about 10,000
feet. Miss Wright had flown in Australia, but this trip was her first flight in
New Zealand. Both passengers greatly enjoyed the trip, and Mr Simes told a representative
of "The Press" yesterday that there was every likelihood of similar
flights "over the roof of New Zealand" proving popular with visitors
to the Fox Glacier region Describing the trip on Christmas Day, Mr Simes said
that it was the second time that Mr Mercer had landed there. The runway of 21
chains was in excellent condition. He considers that aviators will be able to
land in all weathers. An exceptionally good view of the Southern Alps was
obtained, including Mounts Cook, La Perouse, Dampier, Tasman, Lindenfeldt,
Haast, Hardinger, Douglas, and the glacial peak at the head of the Fox Glacier.
On their right they had the Copeland range and valley, the Sierra range, Mount
Sefton, and the head of the Sierra range- on their left was the Cook river canyon
with the La Perouse and the Balfour glaciers at the head of it, and the Balfour
river flowing into the Cook river. They then flew along the foot of the range,
and obtained a view of the same peaks. The flight was continued along the neve
of the Fox Glacier to the Kaiser Fritz range, crossing the Waikukupa valley to
the Victoria range. Here they obtained a wonderful view of Lakes Mueller,
Lyttle, Mathieson, and lanthe, also of many miles of the forest-clad West
Coast, and of 40 or 50 miles out on the Tasman Sea. "In my opinion,"
Mr Simes said, "this is the best, scenery in New Zealand as it is the roof
of New Zealand. Our trip showed the possibilities of enjoyment by those unable
to climb; it also affords opportunities for those who wish to make a continuous
southern trip.
 |
| Perhaps one of the most scenic routes in the world... Air Travel (NZ)'s de Havilland DH 83 Fox Moth ZK-ADI flying south with the Southern Alps for a backdrop. Whites Aviation Ltd :Photographs. Ref: WA-00337-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/29947217 |
Within
weeks of commencing operations Air Travel (NZ) was changing the face of South
Westland. A Press reporter recorded the development of the airline on the 30th
of January 1935. A month ago a young
Christchurch man, a prospector, left Hokitika to travel by motor, by packhorse
and on foot to Okuru, in South Westland. It took him three weeks to get there.
He suffered delays and privations unbelievable. On Monday he left Okuru at
1.30pm and was in Hokitika at 4pm, after making three stops on the way. On the
second occasion he travelled the 170 miles by aeroplane. And every week scores
of men and women are following his example and using the same aeroplane to
annihilate distance and break down in that short journey the terrible isolation
which has been the drawback to life in the south for 60 years. This aeroplane
is the new pioneer of South Westland. The hardy settlers, inured to long
journeys along pack-tracks on sturdy horses, to uncertainty of supplies and
assistance in times of illness, have hailed the newcomer with delight and all
the help they can give. The aeroplane has opened up a new life for them, they
claim, and is doing a service the value of which cannot be measured in money or
expressed in mere words.
New Interest in Life
This is the personal
boon which the enterprise of Air Travel (NZ), Ltd., has brought to the people
of South Westland. There are the material advantages or regular mail deliveries,
quick transport in and out in the case of accident and for everyday purposes,
regular arrival of the day's news and business information and close contact
with the isolated settlements which stretch adventurously down the coast. A reporter
from "The Press" was taken by air to visit some of these settlers on
Monday and at every farmhouse where the aeroplane landed men and women spoke,
some with deep feeling, of their long years of semi-isolation, their weeks of
being alone without knowledge of the outside world and their fear of illness
without assistance. They spoke of bad roads, impassable in flood time,
week-long journeys on horses, with enforced stops on the banks of flooded
rivers. But with the keenest enthusiasm they recalled the arrival of the first
aeroplane and the vanishing, overnight, of their isolation.
Papers by Aeroplane
On the journey down on
Monday, wherever mail had to be delivered or papers dropped from the aeroplane,
each house had the entire family, down to the dogs, assembled in the home
paddock. There was exuberant gesticulating and waving. While one of the sons or
the lady of the house ran excitedly for the paper as it floated down, the
others cheered. In the smaller settlements the entire population was out as the
aeroplane flew at a low altitude and the pilot (Mr J. C. Mercer) dropped the
bundle of papers, and swooped the aeroplane up again. Wherever a stop was made
morning tea was ready. Even the long thin line of tourists strung out over the
Franz Josef Glacier, hailing the aeroplane as a tangible sign that they had not
lost touch with busier civilisation even in that paradise of solitude and
beauty, waved ice axes and shouted. Blacksanders. toiling laboriously on the
beaches for gold, stopped their work to wave too. With conditions as they were
a year ago, and no regular call by aeroplane, these men spent months in
complete isolation but for the occasional call of a packhorse with supplies and
a mailman. If they left their beaches there was no guarantee that they could return
in sufficient time to catch conditions at their best. Blacksanding is subject
to every vagary of the tides and the weather and a blacksander must be on the
spot if he is to work each fresh deposit of the gold-bearing sand revealed
after storms and floods. No wonder he welcomes the aeroplane so
enthusiastically.
Priest as Passenger
Below Weheka there is no
suitable road giving easy access to a country which yearly is becoming more
important as a field of possible industrial development. There are no bridges
over great rivers which are often completely impassable. Only the air service
can be relied on to keep reliable and regular touch with the hundreds of
settlers, prospectors and labourers who are working this new country. Even
clergymen are taking advantage of the air travel facilities to keep in touch
with these isolated units of their flocks. On Monday Mr Mercer picked up a
Roman Catholic priest at Okuru North, and took him back to his centre at
Wataroa. The priest said that the air service saved him weeks of travel. He was
formerly used to packhorses to get him into the country at the far end of
Westland and has had experiences of rough travelling which have made him a
pioneer too. The air service has played another vitally important part in the development
of South Westland. This is undoubtedly a country of unsurpassed commercial
possibilities —cattle, sheep, timber, gold, other minerals of value in
extensive deposits, fishing grounds which are said to be the best in New
Zealand. can all be exploited there in the future. Hitherto, because of the
difficulties of access, not only has development been impossible, but there has
been a lack of knowledge of these possibilities which has led to a lack of
interest in the country. This, it seems, is being overcome by the easy access
offered by the aeroplane, and it seems certain that a good deal of the quickened
interest in the south, and the actual development which is now under way, is
due to the new ability to see the country and assess for the first time its
potentialities. For instance, since the service from Hokitika started and
interested authorities have been given a unique chance to survey the almost
limitless timber resources of the Haast and the country south, there have been
definite signs of a greatly increased interest in the possibilities of opening
up mills there. Already two such projects are under way.
Private Landing Ground
But the best proof of
the anxiety of South Westland residents to benefit from the pioneering of Air
Travel (NZ), Ltd., is the manner in which they have co-operated with the
company in constructing landing grounds. Wherever possible, it seems, the
settlers in the most isolated parts have assisted. Some have their own private
landing grounds. They have levelled off large areas of their own land and gone
to some considerable personal expense. It is possible for the aeroplane to land
at more than one homestead almost at -the door. At the tine home of Mr and Mrs
A. Cron, of the Haast, the mail is delivered at the back door. Further south,
at Okuru North, the aeroplane lands on a large well made private ground—there
will soon be splendid runways for all weather there—and the mail can be thrown
from the cockpit on to the verandah of the Post Office." After 60 years of
struggling for themselves in depressing isolation, the settlers look on the air
service as the key to a new existence. They say so and only one knowing what
their isolation has been and what the aeroplane is doing could appreciate what
a tragedy it would be for them to lose the service.
A
mishap hit the company on the 8th of February 1935 when the Fox Moth was taking
off from Weheka (Fox Glacier). The pilot, Mr J. C. Mercer, was taking off for
Hokitika when some cattle rushed towards the machine from the outskirts of the
landing ground. The machine collided with a bullock and was immediately
overturned. There were two passengers in the aeroplane, one of whom was Mr F J
Conradson, Public Works officer for South Westland. Mr Conradson suffered a cut
on the scalp and a bruised jaw. The other passenger received slight cuts. Captain
Mercer was shaken but unhurt. The aeroplane was considerably damaged, the
undercarriage and one wing being bent and the propeller broken. It was taken to
Hokitika for repairs.
The
Canterbury Aero Club’s Fox Moth, ZK-ADH (c/n 4085) was quickly hired to ensure
the maintenance of services.
 |
| The leased Canterbury Aero Club's de Havilland DH83 Fox Moth ZK-ADH in the Arawata Valley |
In
the first three months of operation the business grew rapidly. Captain Mercer,
told a Press reporter that the estimates
have been proved to be far too low for the existence of the air service has
made work that was not dreamed of before. The figures for mail are impressive.
When it was taken over the southern stages by packhorse, it used to amount to
about 150lb a fortnight. Since the air service began it has grown till a week's
load may now be anything up to 300lb… Mr Mercer has flown about 500 hours in
the company's Fox Moth and in the Canterbury Aero Club machine which had to be
hired in February, and has carried more than 700 passengers. Sometimes the
combined load of passengers, mail, and freight for one of the scheduled flights
is too great for the machine to handle on the small landing grounds available,
and more than one flight has to be made. The company's contract with the Post
and Telegraph Department calls for only one mail flight a fortnight to Haast, Okuru
and Bruce Bay, but at present a flight is made every week. Such a growing
business necessitated a second aircraft and so in May 1935 the company ordered
a second Fox Moth which had previously been owned by the Prince of Wales.
ZK-AEK was to become known as the Royal Fox.
In
late June 1935 ZK-ADI, was repaired and returned to the company and the
Canterbury Aero Club’s Fox Moth ZK-ADH returned to Christchurch.
 |
Hokitika Guardian, 31 July 1935
|
The
company’s first year result recorded a loss of £2 8s 9d, a good result after considering
£611 had been paid to the Canterbury Aero Club for the hire of its Fox Moth, and
after providing £100 for depreciation. The company’s achievements were
impressive having been operating for only a little over six months. In the
period from the 1st of January 1935 to the 30th of June 1935
48,933 miles were flown, 490 hours flown, 905 passengers, 4858lb of freight and
5368lb of mail were carried. July 1935 was a record month with 1650lb of mail
flown.
Mail
loads continued to grow. In the March quarter the company's Fox Moth carried
1841lb of mail; in the June quarter the total rose to 3527lb; and for the
quarter ended September 30 it was 4231lb. The Press reported that “The increase is not due to a sudden
enthusiasm in South Westland for letter writing. It is largely accounted for by
the speed and regularity of the air mail, which makes it possible for settlers
to have posted to them perishable goods that previously they had to do without.
Partly, too, it is due to postage rates being cheaper than the company's
freight rates, so that anything which the Post Office will accept goes as mail
rather than freight.”
The
newspapers of the time reveal the impact the airline made. The Mount Benger
Mail reported the story a family moving house. Moving day for a South Westland family has its problems, even over
short distances, when there is no good road between the old home and the new
and they are some miles apart. Mr J. C. Mercer landed the Fox Moth of Air
Travel (NZ), Ltd., at Bruce Bay recently (reports the Press), and was asked to
save a whole family the five hours’ walk from there to Paringa. Two return
flights were made, eight minutes each way, and a man, his wife, three children
- one of them a baby and their blankets, stores and a box of children’s toys,
were installed in a new home.
On the 3rd of October 1935 the Royal Fox, de Havilland DH83 Fox Moth G-ACDD, arrived in Hokitika. In early November it had a mishap near Haast, The plane, which had just gone into commission, was being piloted by Mr. J. C. Mercer, when he needed to make a forced landing on the beach. The plane had an aileron and an elevator damaged. The West Coast Aero Club’s plane made a trip to the scene last week to assist in the necessary repair work. The Grey River Argus reported on a second incident involving the Royal Fox that occurred on the 4th of December 1935. Mercer had flown to Inchbonnie in the course of a try out in the machine, following repairs, as the result of a forced landing on the Haast beach some weeks ago. The engine was functioning perfectly on the way to Inchbonnie, but on the return, when over Humphreys, the engine cut out without warning, and Mr Mercer had to come down on the river bed in the Arahura. The machine struck the ground heavily, the propeller being smashed, and the under-carriage damaged badly. The machine was brought to Southside aerodrome last evening, where the engine appeared to be in perfect running order. The petrol was emptied, but nothing was found to account for the sudden stoppage of the engine. The stoppage was of a similar nature to that experienced when it was necessary to make a similar forced landing at Haast. The repairs needed are of a substantial nature, and it will be a month or six weeks before the machine will be able to take the air again. Up to this point the aircraft had retained its British registration. It finally received its New Zealand registration, ZK-AEK, on the 14th of December 1935. After these initial setbacks the Royal Fox settled into regular service. With
two aircraft in the fleet a second pilot was needed and Squadron-Leader J D
Hewett, was engaged.
 |
| Assembling the Royal Fox; G-ACDD was to become ZK-AEK. The Press, 19 October 1935 |
 |
| The Royal Fox, de Havilland DH83 Fox Moth ZK-AEK in the back blocks of South Westland |
Air
Travel (NZ) Ltd’s annual report to the 30th of June 1936 recorded a net profit of
£387. Flight numbers were up from 151 flights per month in 1935 to 170 in 1936,
1896lb of mail carried each month (891lb in 1935) 841lbs of freight carried
each month (633lb in 1935) and 167 passengers carried each month (145lb in 1935).
In mid-1936 the opening of the sawmill at Bruce Bay and the increasing
activities of the Public Works Department in South Westland boosted the freight
and mail carried by Air Travel (NZ). Most of the stores for the men at Bruce
Bay and in the construction camps were carried by air - as mail - and in late
August the Fox Moths carried 812lb of parcels and letters on mail day which
necessitated two trips by one of the company’s Fox Moths and one by the other. One
of the more unusual flights was when surface travel was impossible because
of flooded rivers: A party chartered an aeroplane to go to a fancy dress ball
at Weheka.
 |
| On the 3rd of August 1936 the Railways Department introduced a Leyland railcar service from Christchurch to Hokitika to deliver the Christchurch Press. During the day the railcar did two return services from Hokitika to Greymouth and a return Hokitika to Reefton service before returning to Christchurch in the evening. Leyland railcar Rm21 is seen with Air Travel's Fox Moth ZK-AEK at Hokitika's Southside aerodrome on the 15th of September 1936. Also in the photo below is Newman's service car. |
Despite
operating under VFR conditions Air Travel (NZ) managed incredibly well. In
November 1936 the Evening Post reported that the efficiency of the commercial services was reduced during the winter
months, neither Air Travel (NZ), Ltd., on the West Coast, nor Union Airways,
Ltd., being able to maintain their 100 per cent, rating gained last quarter.
Air Travel came nearest with a 99.3 per cent., having missed only two of the
309 flights scheduled.
By
the beginning of December 1936 the loads were well ahead of the previous year. For the whole of 1935 the company made 837
flights, lasting 413 hours, to carry 9421lb of mail, 6450lb of other goods, and
580 passengers. Up to the end of November this year the number of flights made
was 2194, lasting 1070 hours. The mail carried was 31,034lb, the goods
11,268lb, and the number of passengers 2,450. May 1936 was a record month
with 280 flights flown carrying 373 passengers while November was a record
month for mail with 5041lb carried. The year ended with heavy passenger traffic as many Public
Works employees left the camps for the Christmas holidays travelling to
Hokitika by air and the prospect on tourist flying over the summer.
In March 1937, with business
increasing, the company announced it was increasing its capital by adding 7000 ordinary shares of
£1 each to enable the purchase of a de Havilland DH90 Dragonfly. The
Evening Post described the Dragonfly as
a twin-engined biplane, similar to the de
Havilland Dragon Rapides, used by Cook Strait Airways, only slightly smaller.
The engines are four cylinder Gipsy Majors of 130 horse-power, giving a top
speed of 147 miles an hour, and a cruising speed of about 125 miles an hour.
The cruising range with normal fuel load is 885 miles. The aeroplane will hold
its height with one engine only running. The cabin has two seats side-by-side
in the nose, with dual controls. A single seat is behind, and a seat for two
right across the back of the cabin. It is possible for short flights to fit an
extra movable seat alongside the single peat, thus giving accommodation for a
pilot and five passengers. The machine ordered will have the extra seat fitted,
and another extra will be the provision of sliding windows in the cabin. The
cabin door is on the port side, and is wide enough for two persons to get out
at a time. Behind the cabin is a luggage compartment of 28 cubic feet capacity.
Access to this is by a door on the starboard side. The Dragonfly will have full
wireless equipment enabling communication either by Morse code or by direct
speech through wireless telephones. The
Dragonfly will be the most modern machine in service in the South Island, and
with its quick take-off and short landing run, will be well suited for the
South Westland service.
Reporting on the 30th of June 1937
year-end report Bert Mercer said that the Two
aeroplanes operating on the West Coast have carried more than 830 tons of
cargo, including passengers, livestock, mail, and goods, in two and a half
years… An air service is usually accepted as one carrying passengers and mail,
and occasionally a few parcels. During the 12 months which ended on June 30
this company's two machines have carried pigs, dogs, cats, fowls, sheep, ducks,
machinery, gold, bicycles, and go-carts… In the two and a half years of
operation Air Travel has carried 5810 passengers, and the number of flights was
5942. Allowing one pilot for each flight, and accepting 15 average persons as
weighing a ton, the human cargo weighed more than 783 tons. The mail and goods
carried in the same period weighed more than 49 tons.
 |
| A young aircraft enthusiast watches Fox Moth ZK-ADI taxi at Christchurch |
De Havilland DH90A Dragonfly ZK-AFB arrived at
Lyttleton on board the Port Huon on the 16th of September 1937. It was
transported over Evans Pass for assembly at Wigram by the managing director of
the company, Mr J C Mercer, the company’s ground engineer, Mr A O Templeton,
and the Wigram staff and was flown to Hokitika on the 29th.
 |
| Bert Mercer with Air Travel's de Havilland DH90 Dragonfly at Greymouth |
On the 24th of February 1937 Cook
Strait Airways commenced a thrice weekly Nelson-Greymouth-Hokitika service which
connected at Hokitika to Air Travel (NZ)’s service to and from the glaciers. Cook
Strait Airways’ new service proved particularly popular with northbound
passengers who were able to fly right through to Wellington. The southbound
service, which originated in Nelson, was not as well patronised as passengers
from Wellington either had to fly over the previous afternoon or cross Cook
Strait by the overnight ferry to Nelson. Responding to this need, from the 1st
of October 1937 the Cook Strait Airways’ service was retimed to run
Wellington-Nelson-Greymouth-Hokitika and return three days a week. Air Travel
(NZ) adopted a new timetable enabling passengers from Wellington to fly to
Franz Josef or Fox Glaciers and South Westland in a single day. The Air Travel
(NZ) connection to the Glaciers didn’t produce a huge amount of traffic, the
first passenger availing himself of the new service being Mr J L Squire, of
Union Airways. From Wellington to Franz Josef the trip took three and a half
hours, compared with three days by boat and service car! He returned to
Wellington in the same way. Air Travel (NZ) had high hopes that this would
generate more business with connections available to and from Wellington even
Auckland but these hopes did not come to fruition.
 |
| The meeting of the air services... Cook Strait Airways' de Havilland Dragon Rapide ZK-AEE and Air Travel (NZ)'s de Havilland Fox Moth at Hokitika |
On the 20th of April 1938 Cook Strait Airways operated its last service to Hokitika due to the aerodrome's propensity for flooding and becoming boggy and thereby unsuitable for Cook Strait Airways' Dragon Rapides. From this point on Air Travel (NZ) offered an on demand connecting service to the Cook Strait Airways service at Greymouth.
In May 1938 the company announced its
intention to apply to operate an air taxi service from Westport. At this stage
the present Carter’s Beach airport was not in operation and Westport’s airfield
was on the other side of the Buller River at North Beach. Bert Mercer and Paul
Renton visited Westport on the 25th of May to promote the service. A twice
weekly air taxi service started in early July with Bert Mercer predicting that the
service would be extended to daily calls. Later in the month the Press reported
that an early delivery of “The Press” was
made to men employed on the new aerodrome near Carter’s Beach. Westport, yesterday
morning, when Mr J C Mercer, piloting an Air Travel (NZ), Ltd., machine, flew
low over the ground and placed the papers almost at the feet of the workmen.
 |
| The airlines of New Zealand "connecting with Air Travel (NZ) at Hokitika." The Press, 12 November 1938 |
For the year ending the 30th of June
1938 Air Travel (NZ) made a net profit of £984. With passenger numbers, freight
and mail loads increasing the company placed an order for a second de Havilland
Dragonfly. It arrived in Wellington on 29th of October 1938 on board the
Rangitiki. It was assembled at Rongotai with newspaper coverage reporting that
it was specially equipped for the tourist
traffic, and some of the windows in the cabin will open, enabling photographs
to be taken without difficulty. It was delivered to Hokitika in November
1938.
 |
| Air Travel (NZ)'s second de Havilland DH90A Dragonfly taken at Hokitika |
The
Press of the 24th of May 1939 described an ambulance flight to South Westland
and the dedication of the Air Travel (NZ) pilots. How air transport has broken down isolation in far South Westland and
minimised the difficulties of life there was well demonstrated today, when Mr
J. C. Mercer, of Air Travel (NZ), Ltd., received an urgent call in the early
morning to fly down to Okuru, many miles south of Hokitika, and bring back to
hospital a resident, Mr P. O'Neill, who had a seriously poisoned leg. The
weather was absolutely against flying, and in normal circumstances the flight
could not have been undertaken; but the aeroplane was taken down in the worst
of weather, since it was the only means of the sick man getting relief, and he
was brought out. There are no roads from Okuru leading out into the settlements
further north, and with all the rivers seriously flooded, it is likely that Mr
O’Neill would have to have waited at Okuru possibly so long that even his life
might have been in danger. As it was, he was in Hokitika before dark this
evening and receiving relief. Conditions were extremely bad for flying all day,
with heavy, squally rain, fog and generally bad visibility but the long trip
from Hokitika to Okuru and back was made without mishap.
 |
| Air Travel (NZ)'s Fox Moth aircraft, Nolan's, Okuru, West Coast. Whites Aviation Ltd :Photographs. Ref: WA-AVH-06-10-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22392121 |
Air
Travel (NZ) Ltd made a loss of £753 in the year ended June 30, 1939. The
directors reported that repairs and maintenance of machines were heavy with two
engines being practically rebuilt. Finances were seriously affected as the
company failed to obtain revision of the mail contract rates. On the Hokitika-Jackson's
Bay run the mails carried increased by 23 per cent but the remuneration was
only 6.9 per cent more. Some 78,777lb of mail were carried, compared with
63,838lb in the previous year. Fewer scenic flights were made because of
adverse weather. In all 4325 passengers were carried on 4224 flights occupying
1954 flying hours. In the company’s first four and a half years of operations its
machines carried 15,570 passengers, 223,230lb of mail, and 80,243lb of freight.
 |
| The arrival of the Air Travel (NZ) flight... A Dragonfly at Jackson's Bay |
On
the 1st of September 1939 Germany invaded Poland and two days later New Zealand
was at war. This was to have a major impact on Air Travel (NZ). In November
1939 the Government commandeered Cook Strait Airways’ de Havilland Dragon
Rapides. As the Government considered Air Travel (NZ)’s operation a national
service its aircraft were not commandeered. Negotiations with Cook Strait
Airways enabled Air Travel (NZ) to take over the West Coast-Nelson service for
as long as the company was able during the War. Cook
Strait Airways’ last flight operated on the 9th of November 1939 with Air
Travel (NZ) beginning their Monday to Saturday service on the 10th of November. The first passengers were Mr Woodhouse, Mr and Mrs Gooding and Mr Keating who all flew from Greymouth to Nelson. The schedule saw a company Dragonfly departing Hokitika at 9.45am and fly via
Greymouth and Westport to arrive at Nelson at 12.30pm to connect with a flight
to Wellington. The return service left again at 1.00pm, reaching Hokitika at
3.45pm. Bert Mercer told the Press, A
slight increase in fares is very likely. They will go up by probably 5s,
because our machines have not the same seating capacity as those operated by
Cook Strait Airways.
 |
| Hokitika Guardian, 11 November 1939 |
Air
Travel (NZ) often carried unusual freight. On the 30th of November 1939 The
Press reported on such an air freight flight. A curious cargo carried by aeroplane last week from Greymouth to
Wellington was a consignment of live mountain trout. The fish were caught on
the West Coast, and are to be shown in the aquarium of the Centennial
Exhibition. Three times on the flight from Westport, the water in which the
trout were carried was, changed. The first change was made at Westport, the second
at Nelson, and the third at Blenheim. Between the stopping places, Mr J. C
Mercer, the pilot for Air Travel (NZ), Ltd., fed the fish, which arrived in
Wellington in excellent condition. No other air service in New Zealand carries
a more miscellaneous freight. Whitebait by the hundredweight is transported by
the Hokitika aeroplanes from South Westland in the season, and, as the
aeroplanes are the only means of quick delivery to the inaccessible places of
Westland, they are frequently called on to carry some quaint cargoes. The
strangest to date was the body of a man who had died in a southern camp, and,
which was carried to the railhead for shipping to the North Island for
interment. A calf, a pig. and half a ton of wire rope are among other unusual
items carried on the aeroplanes.
 |
| Whitebait season on the West Coast meant a lot of northbound freight. Here Air Travel (NZ)'s Fox Moth ZK-ADI is seen at Paringa River. Photo : Whites Aviation Ltd :Photographs. Ref: WA-09365-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22858230 |
With
Cook Strait Airways out of the air and a reduction in the Union Airways’ fleet
Air Travel (NZ) were called on to help with additional Cook Strait flights.
After Christmas 1939 a Dragonfly made special trips between Wellington and
Nelson. This was the first of many special flights across Cook Strait.
Fox
Moth ZK-AEK had a mishap at Jackson’s Bay on the 3rd of February 1940. The pilot, Mr Neave, was taxiing to a
standstill when a strong gust of wind caught the machine, and caused it to skid
to one side. The aeroplane struck a log, and damaged one wing. The two tips of
the propeller were broken, and part of the undercarriage was also damaged.
There were two passengers and mail on board at the time, but the passengers did
not know that anything unusual had happened until after the machine had
stopped. With no road access the damaged aircraft had to be brought back to
Hokitika by the MV Gael.
On
the 4th of May 1940 Air Travel (NZ) cut the Hokitika-Greymouth-Westport
connection due to heavy operating costs and mounting losses. Air Travel (NZ)'s
South Westland service continued as did the service between Nelson and Westport.
A new schedule for the Nelson to Westport service was announced which saw an
aircraft based at Nelson. This left Nelson at 8.35am after the arrival of the
Wellington plane and arrived at Westport at 9.40am. The return service left
Westport at 11.15am arriving at Nelson at 12.20pm connecting with the
Wellington flight.
Another
feature of the War-time was patrols of the fiords and southern coast for the
RNZAF. These were operated by the company’s de Havilland Dragonfly aircraft. Finally, on the 6th of September 1944 and after Bert Mercer’s death, The Press was
able to recount this valuable work. One
essential war service in New Zealand of which nothing has yet been told
commenced in 1939. This was the air patrol of the West Coast, the south-west
sounds and Stewart Island. In those days, when every strange ship was suspect,
the scenic value of the sounds in particular was overlooked and their potential
strategic importance became apparent. These sheltered, deep-water coves could
provide ideal cover for ships of all sizes. Some sort of patrol was called for,
and the only type that could be carried out quickly and accurately was an air
patrol. However, the comparatively few aircraft of the RNZAF capable of
carrying out a long distance patrol were urgently needed elsewhere. The firm of
Air Travel (NZ) Ltd., was already running an air service down the West Coast.
In addition, their chief pilot, the late Mr J. C. Mercer, who held the rank of
flight lieutenant in the Air Force Reserve, knew every inch of the territory.
One of the firm’s aircraft was incorporated in the RNZAF and Mr Mercer
instructed to carry out patrols. At first these were spasmodic, usually at the
request of the Navy, but later, particularly during the reign of the German
raiders, they became regular sights. The patrols were long and lonely affairs
over some of the roughest country in New Zealand and with the weather seldom
favourable. With gusty, changeable winds and patches of rain, low-flying
searches up the narrow, cliff-bound sounds could become tricky jobs and Mr
Mercer pointed out in one of his earliest reports that a thorough inspection of
the sounds could only be carried out in perfect weather. On that particular
occasion, the veteran pilot had been in the air for the greater part of one day
and half the next, making two searches of Stewart Island after a rumour that a
ship had been sighted in Port Adventure. The weather in the vicinity of the
sounds he described laconically as “filthy.” Time after time Mr Mercer was
forced to turn back on account of weather, but on each occasion the patrol was
resumed as soon as conditions showed signs of clearing. The difficulty of the
patrol was increased by the fact that it was not possible to fly across from
the head of one sound to the next as each arm was cut off by sheer cliffs
running up to four and five thousand feet. Some of the following extracts from
some of Mr Mercer’s earlier reports give interesting sidelights on the nature of
the patrol, and. incidentally, of the nature of the pilot who did so much for
commercial aviation in the Dominion; ‘‘Left Hokitika at 5.45 a.m. to patrol sounds.
On reaching Haast the weather began to close in. After refuelling, proceeded
south as far as Big Bay where I was compelled to return on account of weather
being unfavourable. Returned to Hokitika, picking up a corpse at Jackson’s Bay
on the way back…” “...At south end of Stewart Island I flew south for 100 miles
and then returned to Invercargill. Owing to stormy conditions could not enter
sounds. Decided to go to Taieri so that machine could be housed for the
night...” “… Went down as far as Blight
Sound, but conditions were hopeless owing to heavy rains and thick mist in
sounds... Rainfall in the sounds area for the month has been approximately 20
inches…” “...As it was snowing in the rest of the sounds I made for Stewart
Island…” “…Saw 12 wapiti on shores of lake at head of Bradshaw Sound…” “...Dropped
paper to Dog Island Lighthouse...” As it happened, no enemy ships were ever
sighted by the south-west sounds patrol. Whether or not enemy ships ever were
in the area, it is certain that the patrol was carried out as conscientiously
as was humanly possible. Flights were often made when normal safety precautions
would have dictated that the aircraft turn back, arid the long low level
searches among such mountainous country were always tiring to the pilot.
The
company’s financial result to the year ending 30 June 1940 yielded a net profit
of £1297. The financial report noted Receipts
for scenic flights at the glaciers were further reduced because of the war, and
during the first months of the financial year, the same tendency was apparent
in the returns from the South Westland service. When, therefore, the Government
took over the aeroplanes and equipment of Cook Strait Airways. Ltd., the
directors closely investigated the matter and decided to accept an offer by
that company to allow Air Travel to operate the service between Hokitika and
Nelson its licence. The new, service was commenced in November in order to test
its possibilities, but in May it was found necessary to curtail this service,
and aeroplanes are now only operating between Nelson and Westport. During the
exhibition a considerable amount of business was obtained from the overflow
traffic from the Cook Strait service between Wellington, Nelson and Blenheim,
and this traffic was largely responsible for the increased earnings shown for
the year. As these earnings were due almost entirely to the exhibition traffic,
it is unlikely that will be repeated.
During
the war years there was little reporting on the company’s activities. A further
profit of £1377 was made the following year to the 30th of June 1941, with decreases
reported in flying hours, passenger numbers and mail carried. The decreases were
attributed to the difficult conditions brought about by the war.
In
late 1941 Bert Mercer was honoured by a function in Hokitika to mark his
attainment of 10,000 flying hours. James Cuthbert (Bert) Mercer was born in
Dunedin in 1887 and he made his first flight as a passenger in a tethered balloon
in Invercargill. A mechanic by trade, he
ran a garage in Waikari before the First World War. In May 1917 Henry Wigram started
the Canterbury Aviation Company to train pilots for the War. Bert Mercer joined
initially as a mechanic but soon after arriving and with only three hours'
flying Mercer went solo. His natural skills as a pilot saw him appointed as a
flight instructor until the end of the War. After the War he took up a post as
chief pilot to the New Zealand Aero Transport Company which operated from
Timaru. Although daily services were planned between both islands, these
ambitions were never realised, and after a year or so the company went into
liquidation. Captain Mercer then returned to being a mechanic. He attended the wartime
pilot refresher courses held at Wigram and when the Canterbury Aero Club was
formed in 1928 he again entered active flying life as an instructor. It was
after receiving an invitation to visit one of his pupils on the West Coast that
he saw the possibilities of an air service to South Westland. Using the
Canterbury Aero Club’s aircraft he made many flights to South Westland. The
residents, seeing the advantages the aircraft brought, were more than happy in building
landing grounds, well before Air Travel (NZ) started in 1934. With such a rich
involvement in aviation it was right that he was honoured by a representative
attendance of Government, local body, civil, and Royal New Zealand Air Force
officials. Settlers from as far south as Okuru were amongst the guests. Every speaker
praised him as both a man and an aviator. Captain Mercer was described as a
grand pioneer in the development of South Westland and a saver of many lives by
providing an air service under difficulties. Although he had landed on river
beds, beaches, and paddocks. His only fatality in 10,000 hours of flying was
one cow.
One
positive aspect of the War was the development of the Haast aerodrome in 1941. The
airfield was on the homestead property of Mr J. Cron. The original runway
prepared by Mr Alan Cron was only 220 yards in length. By December 1941 the
Public Works Department had built a
modern aerodrome with wide runways of 1250 yards in all directions. The heavy
machines used in the construction were transported to the Haast in scows. A
strip of bush to the east of the homestead had to be felled to give a clear
run-in.
One
of the Dragonflies had a mishap at Bruce Bay on the 11th of January 1942. As it
landed on the beach after its flight from Hokitika the aircraft suddenly
slewed, causing the undercarriage to collapse on one side. The pilot and his
five passengers were unhurt but the aircraft had to be taken to pieces and
transported to Hokitika by road. The damage was not extensive.
Despite
the war conditions the financial year to the 30th of June 1942 was again
successful with a £496 profit. By the end of August 1942 the air service from
Hokitika and Greymouth to Westport and Wellington had resumed. The resumption
of the air service was not recorded in national newspapers but the Press of the
28th of August reported that the Air
Travel (NZ) aeroplane on its way from Hokitika to Nelson yesterday was forced
to turn back at Karangi because of the rain, sleet, and high wind. Today the
aeroplane did not call at Greymouth because of the windy conditions at the
aerodrome. This morning Greymouth passengers for the north joined the aeroplane
at Hokitika.
Tragedy
struck Air Travel on the 21st of December 1942. De Havilland DH90 Dragonfly
ZK-AGP, piloted by Flight Lieutenant A. C. Baines left Hokitika for Westport at
8.25am with three passengers on board. After picking up an additional passenger
it departed Westport about 9.30am bound for Nelson. Twenty minutes later a radio
message was received stating that one engine had stopped and the plane was
endeavouring to return to Westport. A second message stated that a propeller
was missing. The aircraft gradually lost height and a third radio message was
sent saying, "Will attempt landing in the sea." The aircraft ditched approximately
seven miles north-east of the Westport Harbour bar and four miles offshore at
about 9.50am. The impact caused the aircraft’s nose to dip into the sea and the
tail to lift. On board were four passengers, Messrs Albert Johnson from Hokitika,
A. Walters from Haast, Michael Hearty from Haast and George McBride of
Ngakawau. At the time visibility was very bad. The pilot and three passengers
successfully evacuated the aircraft but unfortunately Albert Johnson was unable
to do so. The aeroplane remained afloat for about 20 minutes with passengers
standing on the wings. It then sank, taking Johnson with it. Messrs. Walters
and Hearty were together in sea though neither could swim and Walters in panic
kept pulling Hearty under the water. George McBride too had difficulty swimming.
After a time both McBride and Walter disappeared.
Meanwhile
the Union Steam Ship collier Kakapo, which had just departed Westport, diverted
to the crash site and arrived 20 to 30 minutes after the plane sank. Baines and
Hearty were taken aboard the steamer but Hearty died soon after. The pilot escaped
with minor injuries and shock. Sergeant Holt of the Westport Police had been
informed of the accident and joined the harbourmaster Captain Tointon in the
Harbour Board’s launch. Mr Alf Thompson was also notified and quickly put to
sea in his fishing launch. Both made a widespread search, but could see nothing
of the aeroplane or survivors, so returned to port. In the meantime the ship
had rescued the two survivors. The harbourmaster was informed of the position
and again put out to sea in the Harbour Board’s launch. Some five miles north
of Westport he found the rescuing steamer, and after great difficulty, because
of the rolling of the sea, got the pilot and Hearty aboard, the latter in one
of the stretchers from the steamer.
At
the Board of Inquiry held in late January 1943 Orville Darcy Openshaw, the ground
engineer for Air Travel gave evidence of his inspection of the plane, and said
there was nothing visible that would indicate any possibility of fault or
trouble developing.
The
Air Department was represented by Dr N A Foden. He told the Board that, It was common knowledge that one of the
propellers of the twin-engines on the aeroplane flew off, when the aeroplane
was at a considerable height. The substantial point at issue was the flying off
of the propeller, which led to the disaster. The main points for consideration
involved the speculation as to why the propeller flew off, the failure of the
aircraft to maintain height with the one engine which remained, and the loss of
life which might, or might not, have been connected with the absence of
life-saving equipment on the aeroplane. There were three possibilities as to
the cause of the propeller flying off, without causing any undue vibration, the
first two certainly without, and the third probably with at least some
vibration; (a) complete and sudden fracture of the crankshaft at or in the
immediate vicinity of the propeller hub; (b) failure of the locking device on
the propeller hub, allowing the hub to pull straight off the splines on the
crankshaft; (c) a shear of all, bolts retaining, the propeller on the hub. If
the craft were salvaged, or the propeller discovered, said witness, much
clearer light would be thrown on the mishap.
In
his evidence Flight Lieutenant Baines, said there
was no warning before the propeller came off. He was just breaking through the
clouds at about 4000, when he saw the propeller 10 to 20 feet in front of the
aeroplane. He then steered towards the land and decided to descend to a lower
level. He had hopes of striking land near Granity, and then thought it would be
wiser to land just off Westport in the sea where launches would be more readily
available. At 400 feet the aircraft appeared to be maintaining height, while
the speed was being maintained at full throttle. In the early stages he had
hopes of making the land, and that the machine would maintain height. He had
had experience of single-engined flying. Witness said he was able to devote all
attention to his instruments, even though he felt a great deal of anxiety for
his passengers during the final few minutes. He kept well out to sea because of
the close proximity of the hills. He did this for safety reasons in climbing
through the clouds. He still thought he could make land, even after seeing the
vessel which steamed to their rescue. He attempted to make land, as he realised
he had no lifesaving apparatus. When the aeroplane struck the sea it nosed into
the water immediately. When witness came to his senses, he got through a jagged
hole in the fuselage, after which three other passengers came up. He heard the
passenger, Johnson, singing out inside, but as the door was submerged, he could
not go to his assistance.
On
the 4th of March 1943 the Dragonfly’s sheered propeller was found on a
beach near Patea in the North Island. An
examination of the propeller suggested that either the bolts had sheared or the
nuts had come off. Squadron Leader E. F. Carpenter, senior aircraft inspector,
told the Board of Inquiry that examination of the propeller indicated that
certain of the holding bolts had been loose, and in his opinion any looseness
that existed had been over a period—not a short period, but a fairly long
period. There was a bare possibility that the bolts might fail, in spite of
locked tight nuts, but that was a very remote possibility in the particular
case. Assuming that the propeller had belonged to the machine ZK-AGP, he did
not think that the "50-hour check" had been carried out efficiently
in that respect. The most probable hypotheses to his mind were: First and most
probable, the slackness of at least three of the nuts, and perhaps four, and
the consequent failure in flight of the tight bolts, or, second, that at least
three of the bolts were of sub-standard material, which he thought was
doubtful.
The
final report was issued in July 1943 apportioning the blame to the Aircraft
Engineer Openshaw. Dealing with reasons
and responsibility for the propeller coming adrift, the board says that a
50-hour check job sheet was signed by Openshaw and certified, inter alia, that
the starboard airscrew was examined and checked for tightness. The board says:
"That a slackening of the bolts did develop we have no doubt, and we are
satisfied it was progressive over a period of time, extending beyond the period
of five hours five minutes flying time between this last check and the time of
the accident. No evidence was presented to us that climatic conditions had any
effect on, the particular type of propeller involved in this accident, which
the standard procedure and check, if properly carried out, would not remedy.
"We are of opinion that the only feasible inference to be drawn from the
evidence placed before us is that the check certified to by Openshaw on December
19, 1942, was not properly carried out in that the bolts securing the propeller
were not then tightened, resulting in looseness and the ultimate loss of the
propeller in flight. "We recommend that such licence or authority held by
Openshaw to sign out aircraft be cancelled. "As to the regulations
concerning the carrying of lifebelts, this is not obligatory where an aircraft
is operating at sea within 10 miles of the nearest land. The licensed route of
Air Travel from Hokitika to Nelson would not in the ordinary course of flight
take the aircraft more than 10 miles from land. The existing regulation was
modelled on the British air navigation regulations." The board pointed
out, however, that owing to the rough nature of our coast lines aircraft on a
coastal route in New Zealand could not land on the greater part of the coast.
This meant in event of a forced landing coming down on the water. Mainly for
this reason it strongly recommended that a lifebelt be carried for each person
on board where any coastal or sea route was followed, and that instructions as
to their location, fitting, and use, be clearly displayed in the cabin of each
aircraft affected.
During
the time of the Board of Inquiry the RNZAF impressed Air Travel’s first Fox
Moth ZK-ADI into service with the Air Force where it became NZ566. Following the war
it was used by the NZ Forest Service for fire patrols.
The
company experienced another major accident on the 29th of October 1943. De
Havilland Fox Moth ZK-AEK carrying a pilot and four women passengers on a
sight-seeing flight over the Franz Josef Glacier made a remarkable forced
landing on an ice plateau half a mile below the Aylmer Glacier. The cause of
the accident was a sudden down-draught over the glacier which forced the
emergency landing. The plane was piloted
by Mr. Orville Darcy Openshaw, and his passengers, all members of the Women's Auxiliary
Air Force, were Mrs N J Ward (Whangarei), Miss Molly Wilson (Morrinsville),
Miss Margaret Cornwall (Cambridge) and Miss Clare McQuitty (Dunedin). Leaving
the Waiho aerodrome at 9.30am, the plane set out on a short flight of
approximately a quarter of an hour. When it did not return within half an hour
the office of Air Travel (NZ). Limited, was notified at Hokitika and
immediately got in touch with the principal, Captain J C Mercer, who was
piloting one of the company's service planes on the Nelson-Wellington route.
Captain Mercer turned back, and, following a brief reconnaissance of the ice
field on the glacier, sighted the missing plane at 2.45pm lying in a normal
way. Captain Mercer said the plane was half a mile below the Aylmer Glacier on
the left-hand side and about 300 or 400 yards from the shore and a quarter way
in on the ice. The two left wings were crumpled, but the right wings appeared
to be undamaged. The fuselage also appeared to be undamaged, but the engine had
broken away from the machine. There was intense relief just before seven
o'clock last night when Captain Mercer returned to Waiho with the news that all
four passengers and the pilot were safe and apparently not seriously injured. A
further reconnaissance flight was carried out during the late afternoon and it
was a little after 6.30 that the five people were seen on a large rock on the
mountain side just beside the glacier. All five were waving their coats and
were standing up, walking about and apparently uninjured. The forced landing on
the glacier will probably go down in history as the first of its kind in New
Zealand at least. When the discovery of the party was made from the air, the
first rescue party of five, which had left early in the afternoon, was less
than half an hour away from them. A rescue party brought the survivors down
the Glacier the following day.
The
aircraft was damaged, not so much by the
severity of the landing as by blocks of ice on the glacier which caught the
lower left-hand wing. The landing was made heading up the glacier, and that was
inclined to throw the machine on its nose, with the result that the front of
the engine was pulled out. The girls suffered no injury, but the pilot was
thrown forward against the front of the cockpit and received a severe bump on
the head. They were stranded, without any possibility of reaching the Waiho
Hotel before nightfall, and Openshaw led the party across the glacier to the
mountain side. To get off the ice they had to climb a rock ridge 200 feet high.
It was a ticklish job, but the girls entered into the spirit of the adventure,
and under the pilot's instruction managed the climb successfully. Five of the
first rescue party reached them up on the rise at 9pm, and realising that they
would have to spend the night there, they all made themselves as comfortable as
possible. Some blankets had been brought, and with the assistance of a camp
cooker they had hot milk and brandy with sandwiches for supper. It was bitterly
cold, but the girls kept up their spirits by singing songs round a fire. The
party left at 5am, and shortly after they had reached the glacier they met the
second relief party, which had spent the night at the Defiance hut. In the
meantime, Captain J C Mercer, director of Air Travel (NZ), Ltd., had arranged
air transport back to Hokitika for Openshaw, and there he received attention
for injury to his forehead, which was not serious. The aircraft is a complete
loss. Although the damage is not heavy, it would be impossible to transport it
down the glacier. To replace it today would cost £2500 to £3000.
A
few days later, however, and the decision was made to salvage the Fox Moth. The salvage was performed by a party of 15
in eight days. All were experienced mountaineers and they slept in mountain
huts near the scene of the accident. Following the aircraft over the many deep
crevasses during the three-mile journey the men constructed a wooden sledge.
Many hazards were met in bringing the half-ton aeroplane over the ice from a
height of 5000 ft., but the salvage was accomplished without mishap. The total
cost was about £300, of which £60 was spent in feeding the members of the
party. The aircraft was then sent to the de Havilland factory at Rongotai
for rebuilding. AEK’s accident left Air Travel with only one Dragonfly and one
Fox Moth which meant reduced services were flown.
With
the loss of the Dragonfly and a Fox Moth out of action the company acquired de
Havilland DH84 Dragon ZK-AHT. The Dragon had previously operated East Coast
Airways’ service between Gisborne and Napier before being impressed into the
RNZAF. Pilot Officer J D Neave flew the Dragon to Hokitika on the 23rd of March
1944 and it was put to work on the Hokitika-Nelson route. Newspaper coverage at
the time also reported that, Another
eight-seater aeroplane, powered by two Gipsy Six engines, each of 205
horse-power, has been purchased in England by Air Travel (NZ) and the company
expects to have it in commission before the end of this year. The company
hoped the Dominie would arrive by the end of the year but this never happened.
Air
Travel (NZ) celebrated its tenth anniversary of operations on the 22nd of May
1944 with the Hon. James O’Brien (Minister of Transport and Member of
Parliament for Westland) opening new administrative offices and waiting-rooms at
the Southside Aerodrome. A large crowd of residents and visitors gathered for
the occasion. In 1951 the building was moved to Hokitika’s new Seaview Airport
where it served as the terminal building until 1979.
 |
| Air Travel Limited Fox Moth ZK-AEK airplane, location unidentified. Whites Aviation Ltd :Photographs. Ref: WA-06466-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/30666083 |
Disaster
struck the company the following month. At 1.00pm on the 30th of June the
Dragon under the command of Flight Lieutenant P. C. Lewis left Nelson on its
way south to Westport. The trip to
Westport was expected to take 1 hour 20 minutes, and petrol was carried for
just over two hours. Flying weather was good on the Nelson side of the
mountains, but there were isolated showers on the West Coast side. After 1 hour
50 minutes, when the plane had still not reached Westport, the fact that it was
overdue was reported to Central Flying Control, Wellington, by the duty pilot
at Nelson.
Steps were immediately
taken to, organise a search. By that time the weather had deteriorated towards
the West Coast, and over Marlborough conditions were so bad that no planes
could be sent out. The first news of, the missing plane was received in Nelson
at 11 o'clock last night from Mr. Arthur Hughes, a transport driver on the
Nelson-West Coast run. He telephoned from Gowan Bridge to say that he had
picked up one of the passengers, Mr. Perry, near Kawatiri. The plane had
crashed in bush on the slopes of Mount Hope, about one and a half miles from
the main Nelson-West Coast road. The pilot, Flight Lieutenant Lewis, had walked
with Mr. Perry from the scene of the crash to within 150 yards of the road,
where he collapsed as a result of injuries. The police at Murchison were
advised and a search party was organised. When the search party reached the
wreck they found that Mr. Dawe had been killed and that Captain Mercer had died
from his injuries an hour and a half before their arrival. Matron Patterson,
although suffering herself from a broken leg, had given first aid to the
remainder of the party. The search party, accompanied by the ambulance from
Murchison, included Dr. Kurzweil, of Murchison, and Sister Owen, sister in
charge of the Murchison Hospital. Another ambulance was sent out from the
Nelson Public Hospital at about the same time. Dr. R. D. Lucas, of Nelson, and
Constables Valentine and Squires accompanied this ambulance. In the meantime
Mr. Hughes, the transport driver, and Mr. P. Diserens, of Gowan Bridge, had
returned to Kawatiri to locate Flight Lieutenant Lewis, and they had him on the
roadside when the party from, Murchison arrived.. He was treated by Dr.
Kurzweil and sent by ambulance to the Nelson Public Hospital, arriving there at
about 4 o'clock this morning.
The victims were:—
Maurice Dawe, Hokitika,
secretary of Air Travel, Ltd.; killed.
Captain J. C. Mercer, Hokitika,
managing director of Air Travel, Ltd.; died of injuries.
Mrs. E. Russell,
Westport, both legs broken; condition serious.
G. M. Strathmore,
Wellington, believed fractured skull; condition satisfactory.
Miss A. Patterson,
matron of the Buller Public Hospital, Westport, broken leg.
Flight Lieut. P. C.
Lewis, the pilot, head, chest, and leg injuries.
B. R. Perry, Wellington,
shock, fractured rib; condition satisfactory.
Dr. Lucas said that from
what he could see in the dark and the pouring rain the pilot had made as good a
landing as possible on a bush-covered ridge about four or five miles on the
Nelson side of Kawatiri. The plane had crashed near a small creek, which Mr.
Perry and Flight Lieutenant Lewis, had followed down to the main road. The bush
was thick and the path very rough, and although Dr. Lucas reached Kawatiri at 1
o'clock this morning it was 3.15 by the time he reached the plane. Rain was
falling, and with only electric torches to help them the rescue party had a
very difficult task. Apart from relieving the pain of the injured, who were
suffering from the cold, with morphia little could be done in the way of first
aid. The two injured women and Mr Strathmore were, tied to stretchers, and with
six men to each the difficult task of bringing them down the rough mountain
slope was commenced. It was 7.15 o'clock this morning when the party reached
the road. The injured persons were brought on to the Nelson Public Hospital by
ambulance, arriving shortly after 10 o'clock.
Dr. Lucas .paid a
tribute this morning to Miss Patterson, matron of the Buller Hospital, for her
work in caring for the injured. She obtained morphia from the plane's first-aid
kit and gave what relief she could to the other passengers. The hospital
reported that none of the five injured was in any immediate danger.
Arrangements were made
by the Nelson police to bring the bodies to Nelson today. The party will have a
difficult task as the country in the Kawatiri district is rough and bush clad,
with heavy undergrowth. The track to be traversed winds up a rocky creek bed
and many obstacles will have to be overcome by the stretcher-bearers.
More
details later came to pass. It appears
that the Air Travel (NZ) plane crashed on the slopes of Mount Hope about
three-quarters of an hour after it had left Nelson aerodrome. Till then the
trip had been pleasant, and, though light rain was met over Glenhope,
visibility remained good. The passengers had no warning that anything was amiss
till the plane banked steeply and suddenly dropped into the bush on the
hillside… Initial reports said, Due
to a cause yet undetermined, one of the engines failed. After a consultation,
with the late Captain Mercer Flight-Lieutenant Lewis decided to make a forced
landing- The country below was mountainous and covered with patches of bush.
Visibility was bad, owing to mist and rain, but as the machine was rapidly
losing height pot luck had to be taken. In spite of the odds, it is stated that
the manoeuvre was skilfully performed and that the pilot showed great courage
and resource.
Mr
B R Perry recounted that the plane was
suspended in big trees, which covered the ridge, but the fuselage sagged down
through thick undergrowth almost to the ground. Apparently the nose had been
smashed off, and the passengers were thrown about 30ft down the hillside
through this hole. After he regained consciousness, about 4 o'clock, he had a
discussion with the pilot about their position, and it was decided that two of
them should try to find their way to the road. Darkness was falling in the bush
when they started off at about five o'clock, and the men found it necessary to
stop and. rest every two or three minutes. Flight-Lieutenant Lewis, who was in
a very bad way, struggled on in the darkness for just on five hours, the last
stages in pouring rain, but when only 200 yds short of the main Nelson-West
Coast road he was unable to carry on. It was about 10 o'clock when he reached
the road. Mr. Perry continued, and he had been walking for only five or ten
minutes when he met a truck driven by Mr. Arthur Hughes, of Nelson. Mr. Hughes
took him on to Gowan Bridge, and notified the police at Murchison and Nelson of
the whereabouts of the crashed plane.
Meanwhile,
at the crash site, rain started to fall
early in the evening and continued heavily throughout the night. Conditions
were bitterly cold and the rain seemed to be blowing right into their faces.
There was no food or drink and the hours dragged slowly by with hope of rescue
in the immediate future seeming very slight. It was 1.30 o'clock on Saturday
morning when the calls of the rescue party from Murchison were first heard.
Guided by a- series of calls from Mrs. Russell and Miss Patterson, they were
able to locate the injured, but in the thick bush it was half an hour before
they were able to reach them. The injured were given injections of morphia by
Dr. Kurzweil, who accompanied the rescuers, and were warmed with drinks of hot
coffee and cocoa. Little could be done for the injured in the way of first aid.
They were strapped to stretchers, and the arduous journey to the road commenced
through the thick undergrowth and down the rough creek bed. The going was hard,
and it was four hours before the party reached the road. Miss Patterson paid a
tribute to the work of the rescuers. She said that they were very lucky to have
been brought out as quickly, as the cold and the rain were so terrible that
none of them could have lived long if help had not arrived.
In
October 1944 the Board of Inquiry into the accident found that the accident was not contributed to or related in any way
to fuel supply, engine failure or structural defect in the aircraft, but that
it arose through the aircraft getting in an uncontrolled position and a
condition from which the pilot was unable to recover before impacting the
forest. The pilot had attempted to cross the saddle at a low altitude over
rough, broken country in order to avoid turbulent air conditions below the
cloud base, but in the board's opinion the condition in which the aircraft
subsequently found itself could have been avoided by maintaining as much
altitude as possible while crossing the saddle. Failure to adopt this course
contributed substantially to the accident and was, in the board's view, an
error of judgment by the pilot. Reference was made to clauses in the Air
Navigation Regulations, 1933, providing for installation in passenger-carrying
aircraft of radio equipment, but due to wartime priorities the company had been
unable to procure the necessary equipment, and the board considered that Air
Travel (NZ), Ltd., had taken every reasonable step in an effort to meet the
requirements of the regulations.
The
loss of the Dragon again caused the cessation of the Nelson-Hokitika service leaving
Air Travel only operating the South Westland service while it looked for
another aircraft. De Havilland DH89A Dragon
Rapide ZK-AHS was subsequently released from the RNZAF and purchased by Air
Travel (NZ). The aircraft was no stranger to Hokitika as prior to the War it
operated for Cook Strait Airways as ZK-AGT, Neptune,
before being impressed into the Air Force as NZ558. It arrived at Hokitika on
the 2nd of December 1944. ZK-AHS, under the command of Mr P. C.
Lewis, and resumed the Hokitika-Greymouth-Westport-Nelson service on the 11th of December 1944. No passengers were carried from Hokitika on its first flight,
but one joined the aeroplane at Greymouth. Two pounds of letter mail was
carried from Hokitika.
 |
| Air Travel's De Havilland DH89A Dragon Rapide ZK-AHS at Nelson |
 |
| The West Coast flight meeting the Wellington flight at Nelson... Union Airways' Lockheed L10 Electra ZK-AGJ and Air Travel's De Havilland DH89A Dragon Rapide ZK-AHS |
With
the end of the War the Government reviewed the future of domestic air services.
The Government announced that air services within New Zealand were to be owned
and operated by the Government and the New Zealand National Airways Act 1945
established a single domestic airline known as the New Zealand National Airways
Corporation. On the 1st of April 1947 NZNAC took over the operation
of Union Airways and Cook Strait Airways’ services.
 |
| Air Travel (NZ)'s timetable, April 1946. Cook Strait Airways' Nelson-Hokitika service was operated by Air Travel (NZ). |
For
the next six months Air Travel (N.Z) remained as an independent airline. At the
beginning of 1947 Air Travel (NZ) were operating scheduled flights between
Hokitika and Nelson, Monday to Saturday, on behalf of Cook Strait Airways and
their own Monday to Saturday service between Hokitika and Weheka and a
twice-weekly service from Hokitika to Okuru. Air Travel (NZ)’s flights to Jackson's
Bay had ended on the 31st of December 1945 after the airfield was closed. However,
the end was night. With £20,000 paid for the company Air Travel (NZ) ceased its
airline services on the 30th of September 1947.
The Air Mail Society of New Zealand details the last Air Travel (NZ) flights. The 30th of September was set down as the date for the last flights by Air Travel (NZ) from Hokitika to Greymouth, Westport, Nelson and return. Normally two trips would have been made in each direction. The last air mail from Hokitika to Westport and Nelson, closed at 9.00am on the 30th and was flown right through to schedule by D.H. Dragon Rapide. The plane returned to Hokitika but no mail was carried. The afternoon flight from Hokitika picked up mails at Greymouth but only proceeded as far as Westport, where, because of bad weather, the plane had to stay overnight. The Air Travel plane which had been grounded overnight at Westport, returned early next morning to Hokitika, carrying the Westport-Hokitika and Westport-Greymouth mails. It is interesting to note that the Northbound mail out of Greymouth on the afternoon of the 30th, was the last to be flown from Greymouth for almost a year as NAC who took over the service, deleted Greymouth from the route.
 |
| Covers for the final Hokitika-Westport services - the return cover marked Air Service Interrupted |
So ended the dynamic story of Air Travel (NZ) New Zealand’s
first airline.
 |
| The achievements of Air Travel (NZ) from the Air Department Annual Report for the year ended 31 March 1947 |
